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Culture as "the cultivation of plants" оқуды бастаңыз
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" оқуды бастаңыз
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" оқуды бастаңыз
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste оқуды бастаңыз
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... оқуды бастаңыз
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? оқуды бастаңыз
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? оқуды бастаңыз
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First distinct in culture: оқуды бастаңыз
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Second distinct in culture: оқуды бастаңыз
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Third distinct in culture: оқуды бастаңыз
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Fourth distinct in culture: оқуды бастаңыз
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Fifth distinct in culture: оқуды бастаңыз
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Sixth distinct in culture: оқуды бастаңыз
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Seventh distinct in culture: оқуды бастаңыз
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? оқуды бастаңыз
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? оқуды бастаңыз
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: оқуды бастаңыз
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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оқуды бастаңыз
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? оқуды бастаңыз
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instruction and moral progress
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оқуды бастаңыз
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care given to development of the mind
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оқуды бастаңыз
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? оқуды бастаңыз
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? оқуды бастаңыз
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? оқуды бастаңыз
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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Socio-cultural patterns... оқуды бастаңыз
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... оқуды бастаңыз
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... оқуды бастаңыз
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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оқуды бастаңыз
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? оқуды бастаңыз
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... оқуды бастаңыз
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Culture is a system that has... оқуды бастаңыз
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... оқуды бастаңыз
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: оқуды бастаңыз
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. оқуды бастаңыз
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? оқуды бастаңыз
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. оқуды бастаңыз
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: оқуды бастаңыз
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? оқуды бастаңыз
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? оқуды бастаңыз
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? оқуды бастаңыз
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? оқуды бастаңыз
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? оқуды бастаңыз
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? оқуды бастаңыз
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: оқуды бастаңыз
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? оқуды бастаңыз
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It includes numerous "languages".
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оқуды бастаңыз
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? оқуды бастаңыз
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? оқуды бастаңыз
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? оқуды бастаңыз
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? оқуды бастаңыз
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... оқуды бастаңыз
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? оқуды бастаңыз
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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anything that produces meaning.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? оқуды бастаңыз
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? оқуды бастаңыз
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution оқуды бастаңыз
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: оқуды бастаңыз
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... оқуды бастаңыз
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Mass production process... оқуды бастаңыз
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? оқуды бастаңыз
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? оқуды бастаңыз
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? оқуды бастаңыз
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The first magazine published and when? оқуды бастаңыз
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When was telegraph invented? оқуды бастаңыз
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What was the first movie and when was it published? оқуды бастаңыз
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? оқуды бастаңыз
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? оқуды бастаңыз
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When did the internet start working around? оқуды бастаңыз
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оқуды бастаңыз
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: оқуды бастаңыз
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: оқуды бастаңыз
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: оқуды бастаңыз
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: оқуды бастаңыз
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: оқуды бастаңыз
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"favoured by people generally"
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оқуды бастаңыз
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: оқуды бастаңыз
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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оқуды бастаңыз
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... оқуды бастаңыз
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оқуды бастаңыз
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... оқуды бастаңыз
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? оқуды бастаңыз
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? оқуды бастаңыз
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... оқуды бастаңыз
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: оқуды бастаңыз
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... оқуды бастаңыз
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оқуды бастаңыз
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: оқуды бастаңыз
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... оқуды бастаңыз
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... оқуды бастаңыз
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... оқуды бастаңыз
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... оқуды бастаңыз
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... оқуды бастаңыз
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the authentic with commercial.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... оқуды бастаңыз
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... оқуды бастаңыз
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... оқуды бастаңыз
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... оқуды бастаңыз
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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оқуды бастаңыз
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... оқуды бастаңыз
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... оқуды бастаңыз
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... оқуды бастаңыз
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... оқуды бастаңыз
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оқуды бастаңыз
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... оқуды бастаңыз
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... оқуды бастаңыз
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The MP3 file format was developed in... оқуды бастаңыз
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... оқуды бастаңыз
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The Napster shut down in... оқуды бастаңыз
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... оқуды бастаңыз
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оқуды бастаңыз
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: оқуды бастаңыз
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... оқуды бастаңыз
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... оқуды бастаңыз
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... оқуды бастаңыз
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... оқуды бастаңыз
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The Frankfurt School moved to... оқуды бастаңыз
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: оқуды бастаңыз
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... оқуды бастаңыз
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... оқуды бастаңыз
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... оқуды бастаңыз
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... оқуды бастаңыз
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... оқуды бастаңыз
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оқуды бастаңыз
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... оқуды бастаңыз
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Culture industry uses a... оқуды бастаңыз
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... оқуды бастаңыз
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... оқуды бастаңыз
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... оқуды бастаңыз
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... оқуды бастаңыз
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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endless stream of movies.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... оқуды бастаңыз
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... оқуды бастаңыз
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... оқуды бастаңыз
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... оқуды бастаңыз
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... оқуды бастаңыз
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... оқуды бастаңыз
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... оқуды бастаңыз
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... оқуды бастаңыз
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... оқуды бастаңыз
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... оқуды бастаңыз
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... оқуды бастаңыз
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... оқуды бастаңыз
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Youth subcultures express... оқуды бастаңыз
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opposition to the generation gap.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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Resistance is expressed through... оқуды бастаңыз
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: оқуды бастаңыз
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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оқуды бастаңыз
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... оқуды бастаңыз
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Middle 1970s subculture was... оқуды бастаңыз
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... оқуды бастаңыз
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Early 1980s subculture was... оқуды бастаңыз
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Another early 1980s subculture was... оқуды бастаңыз
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The skinhead value system and style... оқуды бастаңыз
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... оқуды бастаңыз
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... оқуды бастаңыз
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... оқуды бастаңыз
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: оқуды бастаңыз
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... оқуды бастаңыз
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... оқуды бастаңыз
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Post-subcultural generation... оқуды бастаңыз
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... оқуды бастаңыз
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оқуды бастаңыз
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... оқуды бастаңыз
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оқуды бастаңыз
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usually followed by a slogan.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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are based on visual style.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial оқуды бастаңыз
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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оқуды бастаңыз
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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оқуды бастаңыз
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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оқуды бастаңыз
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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оқуды бастаңыз
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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оқуды бастаңыз
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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оқуды бастаңыз
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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оқуды бастаңыз
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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оқуды бастаңыз
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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оқуды бастаңыз
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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оқуды бастаңыз
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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оқуды бастаңыз
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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