→ Descriptive Grammar → Оқуды бастаңыз / MP3 флэш-карталарын жүктеу

сұрақ		жауап
nouns podzial оқуды бастаңыз		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca оқуды бастаңыз		classifiers
verbs podzial оқуды бастаңыз		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants оқуды бастаңыз		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs оқуды бастаңыз		one participant - john is running
monotransutive оқуды бастаңыз		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive оқуды бастаңыз		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem оқуды бастаңыз		copular
appear оқуды бастаңыз		copular
sound оқуды бастаңыз		copular
turn оқуды бастаңыз		copular
look оқуды бастаңыз		copular
smell оқуды бастаңыз		copular
taste оқуды бастаңыз		copular
feel оқуды бастаңыз		copular
get оқуды бастаңыз		copukar
complex transitive verbs оқуды бастаңыз		mary considers john an imposter
believe оқуды бастаңыз		complex transit
consider оқуды бастаңыз		complex transit
find оқуды бастаңыз		complex transit
judge оқуды бастаңыз		complex transit
keep оқуды бастаңыз		comlex transit
think оқуды бастаңыз		complex transit
know оқуды бастаңыз		complex transit
presume оқуды бастаңыз		complex teansit
presume оқуды бастаңыз		complex transit
many оқуды бастаңыз		det
all оқуды бастаңыз		det
that оқуды бастаңыз		sub
verbs podzial оқуды бастаңыз		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following оқуды бастаңыз		adj
podzial czasownikow оқуды бастаңыз		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować оқуды бастаңыз		revise
konczyc оқуды бастаңыз		terminate
wytlumaczyc оқуды бастаңыз		account for
at home оқуды бастаңыз		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time оқуды бастаңыз		prepositional phrase
with me оқуды бастаңыз		prepositional phrase
at home оқуды бастаңыз		prepositional phrase
word classes ile оқуды бастаңыз		8
words podzial оқуды бастаңыз		content, function
concent words оқуды бастаңыз		lexical morphemes
function words оқуды бастаңыз		grammatical morphemes
noncount оқуды бастаңыз		masscount
nouns podzial оқуды бастаңыз		concrete, abstract, collective
several оқуды бастаңыз		determiner
which оқуды бастаңыз		determiner
whose оқуды бастаңыз		determiner
degree words оқуды бастаңыз		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje оқуды бастаңыз		attributive, predicative
lexical verb оқуды бастаңыз		main verb
paradigm оқуды бастаңыз		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie оқуды бастаңыз		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola оқуды бастаңыз		they determine the noun phrase
reference оқуды бастаңыз		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference оқуды бастаңыз		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział оқуды бастаңыз		spacial, temporal
coordinators оқуды бастаңыз		join the elements of the same status
subordinator оқуды бастаңыз		introduct clauses
subordinator оқуды бастаңыз		introduct clauses
subordinator оқуды бастаңыз		introduct clauses
clause оқуды бастаңыз		full grammatical unit
too оқуды бастаңыз		degree word
most оқуды бастаңыз		degree word
need оқуды бастаңыз		auxiliary
whatever оқуды бастаңыз		determiner
lexicon оқуды бастаңыз		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka оқуды бастаңыз		also known as
word class оқуды бастаңыз		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution оқуды бастаңыз		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy оқуды бастаңыз		arbitrary
jednostka оқуды бастаңыз		entity
zewnetrzny оқуды бастаңыз		external
classifiers оқуды бастаңыз		unit nouns
verbs odmiana оқуды бастаңыз		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly оқуды бастаңыз		degree modifier
very оқуды бастаңыз		degree modifier
three years оқуды бастаңыз		measure phrase
predictive adjectives оқуды бастаңыз		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca оқуды бастаңыз		traitor
her оқуды бастаңыз		determiner
hers оқуды бастаңыз		pronoun
inflwction оқуды бастаңыз		adjusting to the context
derivation оқуды бастаңыз		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root оқуды бастаңыз		carries the lexical information
interfix оқуды бастаңыз		goes in between(o)
infix оқуды бастаңыз		inside a single lexem
circumfix оқуды бастаңыз		en
3 types of compounds оқуды бастаңыз		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional оқуды бастаңыз		both elements have equal status
exocentric оқуды бастаңыз		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric оқуды бастаңыз		1 element describes the other
conversion оқуды бастаңыз		lexical recategorisation
back-formation оқуды бастаңыз		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication оқуды бастаңыз		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping оқуды бастаңыз		cutting the part of the word
blending оқуды бастаңыз		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization оқуды бастаңыз		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification оқуды бастаңыз		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another оқуды бастаңыз		pronoun
morphology оқуды бастаңыз		deals with internal structure of words
morphem оқуды бастаңыз		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes оқуды бастаңыз		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words оқуды бастаңыз		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes оқуды бастаңыз		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes оқуды бастаңыз		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix оқуды бастаңыз		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes оқуды бастаңыз		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding оқуды бастаңыз		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend оқуды бастаңыз		appositional
woman dictor оқуды бастаңыз		appositional
woman doctor оқуды бастаңыз		appositional
sleepwalk оқуды бастаңыз		appositional
tennis shoe оқуды бастаңыз		endocentric
kitchen chair оқуды бастаңыз		endocentric
sit-in оқуды бастаңыз		exocentric
pickpocket оқуды бастаңыз		exocentric
redhead оқуды бастаңыз		exocentric
borrowings оқуды бастаңыз		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many оқуды бастаңыз		specifier
our оқуды бастаңыз		specifier
so оқуды бастаңыз		specifier
too оқуды бастаңыз		specifier
right оқуды бастаңыз		specifier
quite оқуды бастаңыз		specifier
just оқуды бастаңыз		specifier
word form оқуды бастаңыз		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head оқуды бастаңыз		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric оқуды бастаңыз		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N оқуды бастаңыз		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v оқуды бастаңыз		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests оқуды бастаңыз		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom оқуды бастаңыз		volume
argument structure оқуды бастаңыз		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot оқуды бастаңыз		subject
orzeczenie оқуды бастаңыз		predicate
agent restructions оқуды бастаңыз		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was оқуды бастаңыз		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was оқуды бастаңыз		x - patient, theme
causative alternation оқуды бастаңыз		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation оқуды бастаңыз		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop оқуды бастаңыз		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation оқуды бастаңыз		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation оқуды бастаңыз		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation оқуды бастаңыз		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation оқуды бастаңыз		this book reads well
adding goal pp оқуды бастаңыз		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation оқуды бастаңыз		john shaves in the morning
agent оқуды бастаңыз		animate initiator
force оқуды бастаңыз		inanimate cause of an action
instrument оқуды бастаңыз		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer оқуды бастаңыз		the animate being affected inwardly
source оқуды бастаңыз		the place from which an action emnate
goal оқуды бастаңыз		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path оқуды бастаңыз		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location оқуды бастаңыз		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor оқуды бастаңыз		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession оқуды бастаңыз		Judy’s head
alienable possession оқуды бастаңыз		judys car
benefactive оқуды бастаңыз		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive оқуды бастаңыз		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient оқуды бастаңыз		a person or thing affected by an action
patient оқуды бастаңыз		undergoes a change
theme оқуды бастаңыз		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral оқуды бастаңыз		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range оқуды бастаңыз		specification/limitatiin of an action
role оқуды бастаңыз		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object оқуды бастаңыз		who what
indirect object оқуды бастаңыз		to whom for whom
case frame оқуды бастаңыз		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates оқуды бастаңыз		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments оқуды бастаңыз		the participants
testing dynamism оқуды бастаңыз		ing
testing durativity оқуды бастаңыз		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity оқуды бастаңыз		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject оқуды бастаңыз		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect оқуды бастаңыз		patient/theme
passivisation оқуды бастаңыз		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: оқуды бастаңыз		follow, precede
the double object construction forces оқуды бастаңыз		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations оқуды бастаңыз		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences оқуды бастаңыз		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o оқуды бастаңыз		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie оқуды бастаңыз		Still waters run deep
i think оқуды бастаңыз		state
przeslanka, zlozenje оқуды бастаңыз		premise
I will оқуды бастаңыз		premise
I am оқуды бастаңыз		intention
i’m going to оқуды бастаңыз		strong intention
will you be going оқуды бастаңыз		asking about plans
will you go оқуды бастаңыз		request
I was meeting оқуды бастаңыз		the meeting started before
i have been very busy оқуды бастаңыз		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped оқуды бастаңыз		in the past
I was hoping оқуды бастаңыз		polite expression
has been placing оқуды бастаңыз		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits оқуды бастаңыз		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits оқуды бастаңыз		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning оқуды бастаңыз		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning оқуды бастаңыз		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday оқуды бастаңыз		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for оқуды бастаңыз		repeated action
where did steve go for оқуды бастаңыз		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax оқуды бастаңыз		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause оқуды бастаңыз		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse оқуды бастаңыз		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale оқуды бастаңыз		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause оқуды бастаңыз		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause оқуды бастаңыз		clause within a main clause
that оқуды бастаңыз		conjunction/subordinator
sentence оқуды бастаңыз		independent unit of syntax
clause оқуды бастаңыз		may be dependent/independent
finite verb оқуды бастаңыз		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always оқуды бастаңыз		finite
subordinate clauses оқуды бастаңыз		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms оқуды бастаңыз		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses оқуды бастаңыз		always finite
modal auxiliaries оқуды бастаңыз		finite verb forms
that clauses оқуды бастаңыз		always finite
bare infinitive оқуды бастаңыз		non-finite verb form
present participle оқуды бастаңыз		non-finite verb form
past participle оқуды бастаңыз		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive оқуды бастаңыз		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type оқуды бастаңыз		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen оқуды бастаңыз		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences оқуды бастаңыз		finite
exclamative sentence оқуды бастаңыз		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form оқуды бастаңыз		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions оқуды бастаңыз		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object оқуды бастаңыз		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object оқуды бастаңыз		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject оқуды бастаңыз		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject оқуды бастаңыз		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses оқуды бастаңыз		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses оқуды бастаңыз		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject оқуды бастаңыз		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct оқуды бастаңыз		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word оқуды бастаңыз		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject оқуды бастаңыз		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj оқуды бастаңыз		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject оқуды бастаңыз		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject оқуды бастаңыз		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct оқуды бастаңыз		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi оқуды бастаңыз		cab
ing participle as adjunct оқуды бастаңыз		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen оқуды бастаңыз		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb оқуды бастаңыз		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen оқуды бастаңыз		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie оқуды бастаңыз		suffocate
function of claused complement of n оқуды бастаңыз		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP оқуды бастаңыз		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p оқуды бастаңыз		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts оқуды бастаңыз		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) оқуды бастаңыз		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts оқуды бастаңыз		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses оқуды бастаңыз		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses оқуды бастаңыз		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses оқуды бастаңыз		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary оқуды бастаңыз		clause as subject/ complement
that required оқуды бастаңыз		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: оқуды бастаңыз		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl оқуды бастаңыз		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers оқуды бастаңыз		always obligatory!!!
if introduces оқуды бастаңыз		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces оқуды бастаңыз		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry оқуды бастаңыз		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech оқуды бастаңыз		words
or, and, but = parts of speech оқуды бастаңыз		coordinators
that if part of speech оқуды бастаңыз		subordinator
your time is up оқуды бастаңыз		A
the balloons rose up to the sky оқуды бастаңыз		Adv
they live just up the street from us оқуды бастаңыз		P
the dog tore up the slipper оқуды бастаңыз		prt
major word classes оқуды бастаңыз		lexical categories
minor word classes оқуды бастаңыз		functional cat
kostka masla оқуды бастаңыз		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun оқуды бастаңыз		a heap of books
copular verbs оқуды бастаңыз		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet оқуды бастаңыз		comolex transitive
participants оқуды бастаңыз		arguments
verbs оқуды бастаңыз		predicators
adjectives оқуды бастаңыз		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade оқуды бастаңыз		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe оқуды бастаңыз		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly оқуды бастаңыз		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years оқуды бастаңыз		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely оқуды бастаңыз		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs оқуды бастаңыз		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries оқуды бастаңыз		have, be
dummy auxiliary оқуды бастаңыз		do
this/ that оқуды бастаңыз		demonstratives
determiners оқуды бастаңыз		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her оқуды бастаңыз		determiner
hers оқуды бастаңыз		pronoun
indefinite reference оқуды бастаңыз		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner оқуды бастаңыз		P
come roumd with some fresh air оқуды бастаңыз		adv
idle оқуды бастаңыз		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives оқуды бастаңыз		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete оқуды бастаңыз		personality- a personality
mass to count оқуды бастаңыз		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass оқуды бастаңыз		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed оқуды бастаңыз		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes оқуды бастаңыз		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph оқуды бастаңыз		free morph bound morph
free morph оқуды бастаңыз		root
affix оқуды бастаңыз		always a bound root
derivational affix оқуды бастаңыз		prefix/ suffix
simple word оқуды бастаңыз		1 free root
complex word оқуды бастаңыз		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word оқуды бастаңыз		2 free roots
compound - complex оқуды бастаңыз		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation оқуды бастаңыз		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion оқуды бастаңыз		functional shift
functional shift оқуды бастаңыз		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots оқуды бастаңыз		compound
root creation оқуды бастаңыз		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix оқуды бастаңыз		un, mis, over
suffix оқуды бастаңыз		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix оқуды бастаңыз		gramophone
infix оқуды бастаңыз		kangabloodyroo
circumfix оқуды бастаңыз		enliven
compouding оқуды бастаңыз		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp оқуды бастаңыз		kitchen chair
exocentric compound оқуды бастаңыз		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund оқуды бастаңыз		woman doctor
conversion оқуды бастаңыз		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping оқуды бастаңыз		fridge
blending оқуды бастаңыз		workoholic
acronymization оқуды бастаңыз		VIP
internal modification оқуды бастаңыз		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings оқуды бастаңыз		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng оқуды бастаңыз		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo оқуды бастаңыз		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc оқуды бастаңыз		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses оқуды бастаңыз		agent
what y did to x оқуды бастаңыз		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film оқуды бастаңыз		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table оқуды бастаңыз		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris оқуды бастаңыз		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning оқуды бастаңыз		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily оқуды бастаңыз		middle alternation
the situation types differ in оқуды бастаңыз		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test оқуды бастаңыз		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive оқуды бастаңыз		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test оқуды бастаңыз		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee оқуды бастаңыз		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice оқуды бастаңыз		telic
she ate rice оқуды бастаңыз		atelic
telicy test оқуды бастаңыз		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test оқуды бастаңыз		in ten minutes
atelic situation test оқуды бастаңыз		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure оқуды бастаңыз		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes оқуды бастаңыз		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes оқуды бастаңыз		telic
twierdzic оқуды бастаңыз		to assert
* i think about my work now оқуды бастаңыз		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events оқуды бастаңыз		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying оқуды бастаңыз		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct оқуды бастаңыз		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct оқуды бастаңыз		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct оқуды бастаңыз		in a rush
pp as adjunct оқуды бастаңыз		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door оқуды бастаңыз		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack оқуды бастаңыз		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions оқуды бастаңыз		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives оқуды бастаңыз		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns оқуды бастаңыз		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs оқуды бастаңыз		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement оқуды бастаңыз		william blushed
complements of verb оқуды бастаңыз		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs оқуды бастаңыз		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy оқуды бастаңыз		about/with
np adjunct оқуды бастаңыз		this week
pp adjunct оқуды бастаңыз		in the park
ap adjunct оқуды бастаңыз		very long
np complement оқуды бастаңыз		read(a book)
pp complement оқуды бастаңыз		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement оқуды бастаңыз		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts оқуды бастаңыз		specifiers
head alone оқуды бастаңыз		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence оқуды бастаңыз		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo оқуды бастаңыз		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo оқуды бастаңыз		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent оқуды бастаңыз		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents оқуды бастаңыз		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? оқуды бастаңыз		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like оқуды бастаңыз		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will оқуды бастаңыз		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet оқуды бастаңыз		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy оқуды бастаңыз		heavy np shift
the x’schema оқуды бастаңыз		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules оқуды бастаңыз		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules оқуды бастаңыз		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category оқуды бастаңыз		the head of the structure
general schems оқуды бастаңыз		X‘ schema
X оқуды бастаңыз		head
YP оқуды бастаңыз		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ оқуды бастаңыз		intermediate projection
RP оқуды бастаңыз		adjunct
ZP оқуды бастаңыз		specifier
X‘ оқуды бастаңыз		intermediate structure
english-head initial language оқуды бастаңыз		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb оқуды бастаңыз		object
*louise abandonedd оқуды бастаңыз		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase оқуды бастаңыз		specifier
complete phrase оқуды бастаңыз		a maximal projection of the head
specifier оқуды бастаңыз		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence оқуды бастаңыз		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as оқуды бастаңыз		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric оқуды бастаңыз		they r built around the head successively
head оқуды бастаңыз		the minimal projection
complements оқуды бастаңыз		expand x into x’
adjuncts оқуды бастаңыз		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers оқуды бастаңыз		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine оқуды бастаңыз		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np оқуды бастаңыз		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp оқуды бастаңыз		and nor will jay
the new teacher did оқуды бастаңыз		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = оқуды бастаңыз		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge оқуды бастаңыз		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation оқуды бастаңыз		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation оқуды бастаңыз		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will оқуды бастаңыз		topicalistion
postponing оқуды бастаңыз		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent оқуды бастаңыз		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps оқуды бастаңыз		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting оқуды бастаңыз		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile оқуды бастаңыз		no part of vp possible
coordinators оқуды бастаңыз		conjunctions
coordination оқуды бастаңыз		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination оқуды бастаңыз		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy оқуды бастаңыз		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves оқуды бастаңыз		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden оқуды бастаңыз		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams оқуды бастаңыз		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests оқуды бастаңыз		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests оқуды бастаңыз		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify оқуды бастаңыз		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants оқуды бастаңыз		predicate
1 place predicate оқуды бастаңыз		Frank is irish
2 place predicate оқуды бастаңыз		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate оқуды бастаңыз		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate оқуды бастаңыз		0 place predicates
semantic notions оқуды бастаңыз		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions оқуды бастаңыз		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez оқуды бастаңыз		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond оқуды бастаңыз		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy оқуды бастаңыз		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious оқуды бастаңыз		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at оқуды бастаңыз		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan оқуды бастаңыз		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated оқуды бастаңыз		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates оқуды бастаңыз		John is envious
prepositions as predicates оқуды бастаңыз		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol оқуды бастаңыз		location
people filled the room оқуды бастаңыз		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair оқуды бастаңыз		possessor
coach оқуды бастаңыз		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin оқуды бастаңыз		factirive
the chicken was baked by me оқуды бастаңыз		patient
it costs a hundred dollars оқуды бастаңыз		range
it weights 80 kilograms оқуды бастаңыз		range
hum оқуды бастаңыз		nucić
he hummed a silly tune оқуды бастаңыз		range
he lived out his life happily оқуды бастаңыз		range
lexical representation of predicates оқуды бастаңыз		argument structure
weather predications оқуды бастаңыз		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation оқуды бастаңыз		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme оқуды бастаңыз		semantic selection
experiencer оқуды бастаңыз		encodes animate being
sentient оқуды бастаңыз		czujący
* john envies оқуды бастаңыз		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary оқуды бастаңыз		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary оқуды бастаңыз		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc оқуды бастаңыз		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf оқуды бастаңыз		source
his leaving pleases me оқуды бастаңыз		source
the sun gives off heat оқуды бастаңыз		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly оқуды бастаңыз		source
i walked upstairs оқуды бастаңыз		goal
she did it for love оқуды бастаңыз		goal
path оқуды бастаңыз		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks оқуды бастаңыз		via
specifier оқуды бастаңыз		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier оқуды бастаңыз		determiner
* this the book оқуды бастаңыз		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers оқуды бастаңыз		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility оқуды бастаңыз		so, rather
so, rather оқуды бастаңыз		det
utterly as adjunct оқуды бастаңыз		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong оқуды бастаңыз		so- specifier of pp
right оқуды бастаңыз		determiner
specifier оқуды бастаңыз		precedes x’ in english
not оқуды бастаңыз		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses оқуды бастаңыз		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners оқуды бастаңыз		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP оқуды бастаңыз		a/some/out/this
spec in vp оқуды бастаңыз		negation
specifier in ap оқуды бастаңыз		too, how, so
spec in advp оқуды бастаңыз		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp оқуды бастаңыз		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause оқуды бастаңыз		NP
specifoer in clause оқуды бастаңыз		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause оқуды бастаңыз		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause оқуды бастаңыз		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier оқуды бастаңыз		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause оқуды бастаңыз		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause оқуды бастаңыз		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage оқуды бастаңыз		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late оқуды бастаңыз		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T оқуды бастаңыз		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase оқуды бастаңыз		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure оқуды бастаңыз		x, x’, x’’
never оқуды бастаңыз		spec of vp
spec of ap оқуды бастаңыз		HOW nice
a juvenile оқуды бастаңыз		nieletni
a private оқуды бастаңыз		szeregowy
a natural оқуды бастаңыз		naturszczyk
a daily оқуды бастаңыз		dziennik
herd оқуды бастаңыз		tłum, stado
your time is up оқуды бастаңыз		A
the balloons rose up to the sky оқуды бастаңыз		adv
the dog tore up the slipper оқуды бастаңыз		prt
they live just up the street from us оқуды бастаңыз		adv
would you write your adress down for me оқуды бастаңыз		prt
he ran down the stairs оқуды бастаңыз		P
he looked down because he was embarassed оқуды бастаңыз		adv
dummy auxiliary оқуды бастаңыз		do
primary auxiliaries оқуды бастаңыз		have, be
vis оқуды бастаңыз		potęga, siła
monotheism root оқуды бастаңыз		THE
syntactic pattern оқуды бастаңыз		V+ N+ er>N
hover оқуды бастаңыз		unosic sie
pług оқуды бастаңыз		plow
drip оқуды бастаңыз		kapać
clean-cut оқуды бастаңыз		wyrazisty
badmouth оқуды бастаңыз		obgadywac
cranapple оқуды бастаңыз		semantically opaque
neologizm оқуды бастаңыз		literary coinage
canary od canary islands оқуды бастаңыз		commonization
split adjective оқуды бастаңыз		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests оқуды бастаңыз		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns оқуды бастаңыз		determiners
idles оқуды бастаңыз		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled оқуды бастаңыз		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation оқуды бастаңыз		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete оқуды бастаңыз		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation оқуды бастаңыз		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation оқуды бастаңыз		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion оқуды бастаңыз		einstain -> an einstein
constituent оқуды бастаңыз		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics оқуды бастаңыз		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax оқуды бастаңыз		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband оқуды бастаңыз		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously оқуды бастаңыз		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP оқуды бастаңыз		completely dry
different types of words оқуды бастаңыз		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec оқуды бастаңыз		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy оқуды бастаңыз		gerund
yourself оқуды бастаңыз		pronoun
another оқуды бастаңыз		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend оқуды бастаңыз		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila оқуды бастаңыз		vis
invisibly root оқуды бастаңыз		vis
what оқуды бастаңыз		PRONOUN
so оқуды бастаңыз		CONJUNCTION
declarative оқуды бастаңыз		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative оқуды бастаңыз		question
imperative оқуды бастаңыз		directive
exclamative оқуды бастаңыз		exclamation
aspect оқуды бастаңыз		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction оқуды бастаңыз		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis оқуды бастаңыз		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form оқуды бастаңыз		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other оқуды бастаңыз		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction оқуды бастаңыз		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this оқуды бастаңыз		clausal prp-form
it оқуды бастаңыз		clausal proform
topicalization оқуды бастаңыз		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation оқуды бастаңыз		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive оқуды бастаңыз		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion оқуды бастаңыз		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization оқуды бастаңыз		10 years we lived there
focalization оқуды бастаңыз		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft оқуды бастаңыз		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft оқуды бастаңыз		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right оқуды бастаңыз		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation оқуды бастаңыз		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation оқуды бастаңыз		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation оқуды бастаңыз		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift оқуды бастаңыз		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np оқуды бастаңыз		long/complex np
extraposition feom np оқуды бастаңыз		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np оқуды бастаңыз		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np оқуды бастаңыз		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition оқуды бастаңыз		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition оқуды бастаңыз		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions оқуды бастаңыз		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions оқуды бастаңыз		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition оқуды бастаңыз		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause оқуды бастаңыз		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion оқуды бастаңыз		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion оқуды бастаңыз		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion оқуды бастаңыз		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction оқуды бастаңыз		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion оқуды бастаңыз		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion оқуды бастаңыз		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction оқуды бастаңыз		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate оқуды бастаңыз		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion оқуды бастаңыз		definite nps impossible
reduction оқуды бастаңыз		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction оқуды бастаңыз		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction оқуды бастаңыз		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction оқуды бастаңыз		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction оқуды бастаңыз		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence оқуды бастаңыз		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence оқуды бастаңыз		new info, comment
topic оқуды бастаңыз		what an uterrance is about
comment оқуды бастаңыз		what is said about the topic
contrast оқуды бастаңыз		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by оқуды бастаңыз		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting оқуды бастаңыз		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation оқуды бастаңыз		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation оқуды бастаңыз		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation оқуды бастаңыз		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence оқуды бастаңыз		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft оқуды бастаңыз		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive оқуды бастаңыз		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np оқуды бастаңыз		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order оқуды бастаңыз		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context оқуды бастаңыз		contrast, givenness/newness
given information оқуды бастаңыз		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information оқуды бастаңыз		focal information
new information оқуды бастаңыз		focus/focal information
new information оқуды бастаңыз		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure оқуды бастаңыз		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice оқуды бастаңыз		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice оқуды бастаңыз		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik оқуды бастаңыз		counterpart
zrozumienie оқуды бастаңыз		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft оқуды бастаңыз		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop оқуды бастаңыз		drink
Dative construction оқуды бастаңыз		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation оқуды бастаңыз		bring
benefactive alternation оқуды бастаңыз		buy
middle alternation оқуды бастаңыз		cut
causative/inochative оқуды бастаңыз		melt
locative alternation оқуды бастаңыз		locative
locative alternation оқуды бастаңыз		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic оқуды бастаңыз		incompatible
elapse оқуды бастаңыз		upływać (time)
i think...... is... оқуды бастаңыз		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now оқуды бастаңыз		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table оқуды бастаңыз		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying оқуды бастаңыз		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... оқуды бастаңыз		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements оқуды бастаңыз		beavers build dams
timeless statements оқуды бастаңыз		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) оқуды бастаңыз		haste makes waste
plot summary оқуды бастаңыз		Hamlet dies...
future statement оқуды бастаңыз		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary оқуды бастаңыз		he shoots. he scores
reporting info оқуды бастаңыз		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs оқуды бастаңыз		tap, kick, flash
copula v оқуды бастаңыз		remain
ditransitive оқуды бастаңыз		ask
prepositional verb оқуды бастаңыз		look after
shifts in meaning -passive оқуды бастаңыз		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning оқуды бастаңыз		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive оқуды бастаңыз		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old оқуды бастаңыз		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin оқуды бастаңыз		lexical entry
direct object оқуды бастаңыз		np/clause
license purpose clauses оқуды бастаңыз		only agent
complementizers - finite оқуды бастаңыз		that, wherher
complementizers non finite оқуды бастаңыз		for

descriptive grammar

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