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What is an embedded system? оқуды бастаңыз
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A dedicated computer system embedded within a larger device, designed for specific control functions
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Name three common communication protocols used in microcontrollers оқуды бастаңыз
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What are the three main types of materials in electrical engineering оқуды бастаңыз
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Conductors, semiconductors, insulators
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What is the difference between countable and uncountable sets? оқуды бастаңыз
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Countable sets can be out in one-to-one with natural numbers; uncountable sets cannot
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Define reflexive, symmetric, and transistive properties of a binary relation оқуды бастаңыз
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Reflexive xRx = xRx; symmetric xRy = yRx; transistive xRy = yRz then xRz
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What does a =_ b (mod n) mean оқуды бастаңыз
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a and b have the same remainder when divided by n
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write the general form of a linear ordinary differential equation of order n оқуды бастаңыз
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an(t)y^n + an-1(t)y^n-1=... a0(t)y = g(t)
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How do you find the general solution to a homogenous linear ODE with constant coefficients оқуды бастаңыз
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solve the characteristic equation for roots r; solution is a combination of terms like e^rt
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What is the key idea behind the gaussian elimination alogirthm оқуды бастаңыз
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use row operations to reduce the system to upper triangular form then solve by back substitution
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Name two iterative methods for solving large linear systems оқуды бастаңыз
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Jacobi method and gauss seidel method
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What is the difference between combinational and sequential logic circuits оқуды бастаңыз
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combinational output depend only on current inputs while sequential on inputs and past states
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what is a tree in graph theory оқуды бастаңыз
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a connected acyclic graph
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what does the rank of a matrix indicate оқуды бастаңыз
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the maximum number of linearly independent rows or columns
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what is the difference between absolute and relative error оқуды бастаңыз
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absolute error is the magnitude of the difference between true and approximate value; relative error is the absolute error divided by the true value
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What is simple harmonic motion оқуды бастаңыз
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oscillatory motion described by x=A cos(wt+ phi) where w = sqr(k/m)
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define stability in system control оқуды бастаңыз
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a system is stable if it returns to equilibrium after a disturbance
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what is an equivalence relation оқуды бастаңыз
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a relation that is reflexive symmetric and transitive
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what is the role of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in solving systems of linear ODEs оқуды бастаңыз
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they help find the fundamental solutions typically e^deltat v
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name common numerical integration methods оқуды бастаңыз
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trapezoidal and simpson rule
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what is the wronskian used for оқуды бастаңыз
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to check the linear independence of solutions to differential equations
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what is the significance of the condition number of a matrix оқуды бастаңыз
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it measures how sensitive the solution of a linear system is to changes or errors in the input
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what is the difference between homogenous and nonhomgenous differential equations оқуды бастаңыз
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homogenous has zero forcing them
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what components make up a typical microcontroller architecture оқуды бастаңыз
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cpu; ram; rom; i/o ports; timers; ADC/DAC; communication interfaces
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difference between conductors semiconductors and insulators in terms of electron flow оқуды бастаңыз
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conductors have free electrons for easy flow, semiconductors have linited free electrons; insulators gave very few free electrons
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оқуды бастаңыз
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it finds the shortest path efficiently using heuristics
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define open loop and closed loop control systems оқуды бастаңыз
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open loop has no feedback; close loop uses feedback to adjust output
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what data structure is ideal for implementing a priority queue оқуды бастаңыз
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what is the purpose of a flip flop in digital circuits оқуды бастаңыз
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to store one bit of memory
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formula for frequency of simple harmonic motion оқуды бастаңыз
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difference between mean and variance of data set оқуды бастаңыз
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mean avarage of values while variance is average of squared deviayions from mean
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оқуды бастаңыз
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graph whose vertices can be divided jnto two disjoint sets with edges only between sets
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what is modular arithmetic used for оқуды бастаңыз
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to perform calculations with numbers wrapped around after reaching a certain modules
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how does the method of jndetermined coefficients work for solving ODEs оқуды бастаңыз
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guess the form of particular solution based on g(t) and solve for coefficients
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dofference between lu and choelsky decomposition оқуды бастаңыз
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lu is for general matrices cholesky for symmetric positive definite matrices
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name a common iterative method for large sparse linear systems and its key advantage оқуды бастаңыз
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conjugate gradient method; it converges wuickly for positive definite matrices
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what is the main cause of truncation error in nimerical methods оқуды бастаңыз
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approximating infinite series or derivatives by finite steps
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whats the general structure of a feedback control system оқуды бастаңыз
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input - controller - plant - output - feedback -comparator - controller
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how do you test uf a set of vectors is linearly independent оқуды бастаңыз
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check if the determinant of the matrix formed by vectors is nonzero or use wronskian for functions
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what is the significance of eigenvalues with negative real parts in control systems оқуды бастаңыз
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they kndicate stable system behavior
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difference between trapezoidal and simposns rile for number integration оқуды бастаңыз
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approximation with trapezoids or uses a parabolic arcs generally more accurate
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оқуды бастаңыз
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a subset where all elements are equivalent under an equivalnce relation
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оқуды бастаңыз
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small input errors produce small output errors so no amplification of errors
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whats bayes theorem used for in data classification оқуды бастаңыз
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updating the probability estimate for a hypothesis as more evidence becomes available
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dofference between parametric and non parametric estimation оқуды бастаңыз
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in parametric we assume distribution
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what role timers and interrupts play in microcontrollers оқуды бастаңыз
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timers measure intervals; interrupts handle asynchronous events efficiently
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